Knowledge Hub

I showed with data that drainage, water, overcrowding and ventilation drove the British Army's death rate in India, then campaigned for the whole country's sanitation and helped shape the Public Health Acts of 1874 and 1875.

In 1854 I led 38 volunteer nurses and 15 Catholic nuns to the British military hospital at Scutari, fixed neglected hygiene and supply, introduced handwashing, and pressed for the reforms that cut deaths.

I am a social reformer and statistician who turned nursing into a trained profession. I organise care, measure what kills patients, and turn that knowledge into training, hospital design and public health law.